
By Ernesto M. Pernia, Anil B. Deolalikar
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Extra resources for Poverty, Growth, and Institutions in Developing Asia
Example text
In Indonesia, human capital, infrastructure, agricultural price regime, and access to technology directly influence the welfare of the poor by altering income distribution (Chapter 6). In the Philippines, local governance and agrarian reform, in addition, have significant favorable effects on the poor’s well-being (Chapter 7). In India, literacy, higher rural-to-urban income levels, and other state-specific attributes contribute importantly to poverty reduction (Datt and Ravallion 1998). In Thailand, income inequality and dependency burden raise poverty incidence, while education and economic growth reduce it (Chapter 8).
Thus, the poor, who did not benefit from the program in its early stages, are expected to eventually obtain social protection from this program. CONCLUSION Poverty reduction strategies have evolved over the years, becoming more sophisticated in line with the increasing recognition of poverty’s multidimensionality. Approaches have included economic growth, direct poverty alleviation programs, basic social services, and, more recently, institutional factors and governance. The experience of the more successful Asian countries suggests that a strategy with a strong emphasis on economic growth supplemented synergistically by the other approaches is more likely to lead to better outcomes than a strategy focused on a single approach.
5 times the annual yield, which was well below the market price. 5 times the land’s annual yield. The government paid for the land in commodity bonds (70 percent) and in shares of stock in four government enterprises (30 percent). In turn, the tenants paid for the land— in rice for paddy land and in sweet potatoes (converted to cash) for dry land— in 20 installments over a period of ten years (Ho 1978). 14. In India land reform was also used as a means to gain legitimacy for a new regime. The Congress Party abolished the zamindari (sharecropping tenancy) 38 ANIL B.